References — Nicotine Alone

Sources supporting the numbered links on the main page

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These references are selected to support nicotine itself (pharmacology/mechanisms/controlled human data) and an authoritative statement on oral nicotine products. They are intended as “receipts” for the tap-to-verify superscripts on nicotine-alone.html.
  1. PubChem (NIH). Nicotine (CID 89594).
    https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Nicotine
  2. Benowitz NL. Cardiovascular Toxicity of Nicotine: Implications for Electronic Cigarette Use. J Am Coll Cardiol (2016). (Open full text)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4958544/
  3. Dennison Himmelfarb CR, et al. American Heart Association Scientific Statement. Impact of Smokeless Oral Nicotine Products on Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation (2025).
    https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001293
  4. Price LR, et al. Cardiovascular, carcinogenic and reproductive effects of nicotine. (Review; open full text)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7308884/
  5. Choi JB, et al. Transdermal Nicotine Patch Effects on Sleep Continuity and Sleep Architecture. (Open full text)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5561409/
  6. Koob GF. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. (Open full text)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6135092/
  7. Bajaj M. Nicotine and insulin resistance: when the smoke clears. Diabetes (2012). (Open full text)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3501863/
  8. Kim MM, et al. Systematic review of preclinical studies evaluating the association between nicotine and the initiation and progression of cancer. (Open full text)
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10777222/
  9. Heeschen C, et al. Nicotine stimulates angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and atherosclerosis. Nature Medicine (2001). (PubMed)
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11433349/
  10. UC Davis (IPM/Greenhouse) PDF. Black Leaf 40 Chemical Profile (nicotine sulfate insecticide documentation).
    https://greenhouse.ucdavis.edu/pest/pmsds/Black%20Leaf%2040%20Chemical%20Profile.pdf
  11. Duke University Press (Agricultural History). Noxious Nicotine: The Use of Nicotine... (historical pesticide use incl. Black Leaf 40).
    https://read.dukeupress.edu/agricultural-history/article/98/2/248/387953/Noxious-NicotineThe-Use-of-Nicotine-in-Norwegian
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