Critical Review: Nicotine for the Fetus,
the Infant and the Adolescent?

By K. H. Ginzel, MD, Gert S. Maritz, PhD, David F. Marks, PhD, Manfred Neuberger, MD, Jim R. Pauly, PhD, John R. Polito, JD, Rolf Schulte-Hermann, PhD, Theodore A. Slotkin, PhD

For more than 20 years 'Nicotine Replacement Therapy' (NRT) for smoking cessation has been expanding with more forms of application and new indications for use. However, the evidence shows that long-term success has been weak or altogether absent with high levels of relapse to smoking. Indefinite continuing use of NRT has been deemed preferable to continued smoking. Last year, the National Health Service in the UK extended the use of NRT to pregnancy, to children from age twelve, and advocated NRT use even while still smoking. Similar trends are discernible in the US and Europe. In light of this growing emphasis on NRT, nicotine had to be made palatable by playing down or even denying its toxicity and declaring it ‘as innocent as caffeine.’

This Critical Review, published in the Journal of Health Psychology takes issue with the grave risk of this irresponsible policy especially for the newly added target population. Nicotine interacts with the very basic functions of the peripheral and central nervous system, i.e., the nerves supplying organs and tissues of the body and the vital command stations in the brain. When these systems are formed during fetal life, nicotine from the mother exposed to smoking, secondhand smoke, or NRT can critically impair their normal development.

Perinatal nicotine exposure has been implicated in 'Sudden Infant Death Syndrome' (SIDS), in 'Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder' (ADHD), in affective and behavioral problems, cognitive and learning deficits, depression and nicotine addiction in adolescence.

In the amounts ingested from smoking or NRT, nicotine also plays a prominent role in tobacco-related carcinogenesis, in the incidence of cardiovascular disease, pulmonary emphysema, kidney disease, stomach and duodenal ulcers, and macula degeneration.

Tobacco control must be nicotine control. Without nicotine control, nicotine addiction and nicotine's multifarious impact on the user would persist and spread at the peril of the unborn, the next generation, and public health in general.

XXX

 

Critical Review links:

Journal of Health Psychology - March, 2007 edition

Journal of Health Psychology - Abstract

PubMed Citation Abstract

 

 

Contacts:

 

K.H. Ginzel, MD, Westhampton, Massachusetts, USA  +1(1) 413 529 0773

Theodore A. Slotkin, PhD, Duke University Medical Center, USA   +1(1) 919 681 8015

David Marks, PhD, City University, London, UK   +44 (0) 208 342 8296

Manfred Neuberger, MD, Medical University of Vienna, Austria   +43 1 4277 64 710

 

 

UK NRT Use Policy Change Documents:

ASH UK Guidance Underlying Policy Change
UK NHS (MHRA) Official NRT Policy Change Brochures

 

 

U.S. NRT Use Policy Change Concerns:

 

Nicotine Fix - Behind Antismoking Policy, Influence of Drug Industry - A February 8, 2007 front page article in the Wall Street Journal by Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Kevin Helliker reviews how NRT has not proven effective in real-world use yet leadership at the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is allowing a number of experts with financial ties to pharamaceutical industry smoking cessation products to hold positions on an expert panel that is currently engaged in rewriting U.S. cessation policy, including the panel's chairman.

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