A 2003 study found that one in six new ex-smokers developed constipation and that constipation became severe ("very or extremely constipated")for one in eleven. It found that constipation levels peaked at about two weeks.[1]
According to a 2006 study, nicotine interacts with digestive tract smooth muscle contractions (peristalsis). The digestive system needs time to adjust to functioning naturally without it. But constipation is correctable and we need not suffer.
According to the study, "Magnesium salts [epsom salts] are the first-line treatment for this problem. If they fail, neostigmine, an anticholinesterase with parasympathomimetic activity, appears remarkably effective in correcting this disorder."[2]
Aside from adjusting to nicotine's absence, what other factors contribute to constipation? According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) "the most common causes of constipation are poor diet and lack of exercise." Regarding diet, it's caused by "a diet low in fiber or a diet high in fats, such as cheese, eggs, and meats."[3]
Aside from more fiber, less fat, and increased activity, the NIH recommends plenty of water, juice, or other liquids free of alcohol and caffeine, which may worsen constipation. "Liquids add fluid to the colon and bulk to stools, making bowel movements softer and easier to pass."
"As food moves through the colon, the colon absorbs water from the food while it forms waste products or stool," explains the NIH. "Muscle contractions in the colon then push the stool toward the rectum. By the time stool reaches the rectum it is solid because most of the water has been absorbed."
"Constipation occurs when the colon absorbs too much water or if the colon's muscle contractions are slow or sluggish, causing the stool to move through the colon too slowly. As a result, stools can become hard and dry."
Why extra fiber? "Fiber is the part of fruits, vegetables, and grains that the body cannot digest," says the NIH. "Soluble fiber dissolves easily in water and takes on a soft gel-like texture in the intestines. Insoluble fiber passes through the intestines almost unchanged. The bulk and soft texture of fiber help prevent hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass."
The NIH defines "constipation" as "having a bowel movement fewer than three times per week."
According to the NIH, "some people think they are constipated if they do not have a bowel movement every day. However, normal stool elimination may be three times a day or three times a week, depending on the person." Consult your physician or pharmacist and get relief should constipation concerns arise.
References:
2. Lagrue G, et al, Stopping smoking and constipation, [Article in French], Presse Medicale, February 2006, Volume 35(2 Pt 1), Pages 246-248.
3. National Institutes of Health, Constipation, NIDDK, NIH Publication No. 07-2754, July 2007, http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/constipation/
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